Water News for April, 2026

Some of the top water news stories of the month

 U.S. Tap Water Contamination with PFAS

Recent testing has shown that PFAS contamination of the nation’s waters is more extensive than previously reported.

Nearly half of U.S. tap water samples tested contained “forever chemicals” (PFAS), linked to cancer and other health issues. A new study from the U.S. Geological Survey’s follows the EPA’s proposal to limit six forms of PFAS, which persist in the environment and human bodies for years.  Read this article and more in Yahoo.

The Collapse of Corpus Christi’s Water Supply

 Mississippi River Saltwater Intrusion

Drought upriver has slowed the Mississippi River to the point where saltwater is creeping farther toward New Orleans than usual. The Army Corps of Engineers plans to build a barrier to block it from contaminating drinking water supplies. As flow in the river decreases, saltwater intrusion into groundwater goes up. Yahoo.

 Western U.S. Water Surplus to Drought States

San Diego County is offering surplus desalinated seawater to Western states facing severe drought and water shortages, as part of a potential inter-state water-sharing deal.  New York Times.

 Michigan Dam Crisis

Cheboygan, Michigan, is dealing with a dam in danger of overtopping, part of a “slow-moving disaster” threatening the community. Workers are rushing to shore up the structure.  New York Times.

Old Faithful Water Usage Calculated

How much water erupts from Old Faithful Geyser?  In a recent paper published in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, scientists from the USGS, University of California, Davis, University of California, Berkeley, and the National Park Service quantified the total volume of water erupted during 45 Old Faithful Geyser eruptions, as well as the associated heat and mass.

The answer:  an average Old Faithful eruption is equivalent to 4 to 5 concrete mixer trucks or about 140 standard household bathtubs! It would take about 90 average Old Faithful eruptions to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool, which typically holds approximately 2,500 cubic meters (660,000 gallons). Now you know.  USGS.

River Delta Sink Rates

A global study found that many of the world’s largest river deltas are sinking faster than rising sea levels, putting hundreds of millions of people at risk. ScienceDaily.

 Lake Mead and Lake Powell Drought Warnings

California officials have issued emergency water conservation alerts, while Lake Powell’s water levels could break a 24-year record low amid heat waves. Newsweek.

Ancient Canoes Discovered in Lake Mendota

Researchers at the Wisconsin Historical Society have uncovered 16 ancient canoes at the bottom of Lake Mendota, and they believe the oldest was crafted before the Great Pyramid of Giza was built in Egypt. The first of the dugout canoes, which is thought to be 1,200 years old, was found in 2021. Then a 3,000-year-old canoe was found in 2022. Since then, 14 more have been identified in Lake Mendota—six of which were found in the spring of 2025. Why does it matter? The findings indicate that a civilization may have been thriving in the Great Lakes region for thousands of years, and that they had the skills and knowledge to build durable watercraft. The researchers also believe that the canoes were used to gain access to natural resources in the lake—such as fish, as net sinkers were found in some of the canoes—and also for travel. Newsweek.

 PFAS Settlement Funds in Ohio

Ohio has begun distributing $65 million in settlement funds to communities affected by PFAS contamination.  NewsNow.

Global Water Security Concerns

A drinking water warning has been issued for millions in the U.S. amid fears that the Iran war could threaten water supply stability Newsweek.

Safe Drinking Water, Or Is it?

by Professor Victoria Sutton

Living in the United States, we have a great deal of confidence that regulations protect us from health risks. In particular, we trust that our drinking water—overseen by the U.S. EPA and its counterpart state agencies—is reliably safe. However, it is far more variable than many might think. Given that water quality depends on weather, runoff, natural filtration, contaminant and toxin treatment, and the infrastructure that delivers it to each home, it should not be surprising that quality can fluctuate—sometimes to the point of being dangerous—while still operating as a permitted public water supply.

The Safe Drinking Water Act was enacted in 1974, at the height of the environmental movement that followed the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970. A cluster of federal environmental statutes were passed by Congress during that era: the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (signed in 1970), the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act of 1972 (a major amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948), the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. President Nixon created the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through a reorganization plan in 1970, consolidating components from other departments. This structure remains the foundation of the EPA’s authority today.

Returning to the Safe Drinking Water Act: major amendments were adopted in 1986 and 1996. Another significant shift came in 2001, when, in the wake of 9/11, credible threats to the nation’s water supply prompted additional security measures, including physical barriers and monitoring systems—protections arguably as important as the regulation of contaminants and toxins. In 2018, Congress passed further amendments to address cybersecurity risks in water systems. Notably, the first known cyberattack on a water system occurred in 2013.

Compliance with the SDWA (2023)
In 2023, 72% of active public water systems (107,559) had no reported violations. Nearly 28% (40,982 systems) violated at least one drinking water standard. More concerning, 4% (6,045 systems) violated a health-based standard, meaning contaminants were detected above allowable limits.

Additionally, 20% of systems (29,703) failed to meet at least one monitoring or reporting requirement, meaning information about contaminants was late, incomplete, or not submitted at all.

That same year, 5,018 systems (3.4%) were designated as enforcement priorities during at least one quarter. The vast majority—93%—were small systems serving 3,300 people or fewer. Federal and state agencies initiated formal enforcement actions at 2,398 systems and informal actions at 27,149 systems. Meanwhile, 24,819 systems corrected violations and returned to compliance.

You may want to check your own water system, many of which provide accessible, user-friendly compliance dashboards.

Most public water systems are small; about 80% fall into this category. Under the SDWA, a small public water system serves fewer than 10,000 users, with subcategories for systems serving 3,301–10,000 people, 501–3,300 people, and 500 people or fewer.

The 1996 amendments to the SDWA introduced provisions allowing variances for small systems when they cannot meet certain contaminant standards. This reflects a practical cost-benefit reality: the cost of reducing contaminants rises exponentially, with the final increments of purification accounting for the majority of total expense. In some cases, achieving near-total contaminant removal may be prohibitively expensive, leaving communities to weigh imperfect water against no access at all. This tradeoff helps ensure widespread access to water in the United States—but also explains why it may not be as safe as assumed.

A cost curve illustrating contaminant removal—such as arsenic—typically shows a “hockey-stick” pattern, where the last small percentage of purification requires disproportionately high investment. This pattern holds true for many toxins.

Perceptions of Drinking Water Safety
There appears to be no consistent, year-to-year national study tracking public perception of drinking water safety. However, a composite of multiple research efforts suggests that confidence in the water supply is declining. Across these studies, only about 37% of respondents expressed trust in their drinking water.

High-profile incidents—most notably the Flint, Michigan water crisis beginning in April 2014—have further eroded public trust, particularly when failures disproportionately affect low-income communities.

How We Measure Up Worldwide
Globally, 73% of the population—about 6 billion people—used safely managed drinking water services in 2022. However, 296 million people still rely on unprotected wells and springs, and 115 million collect untreated surface water from lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams.

An estimated 505,000 deaths each year are attributed to microbiologically contaminated drinking water. Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio—often spread through parasites, bacteria, and other pathogens—remain major contributors.

Final Thoughts
Ranking nations by drinking water safety is difficult due to varying laws and standards, but the United States generally maintains a high level of safety.

The 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act significantly improved transparency by requiring public reporting. The annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), which must be delivered by July 1 each year, provides households with detailed information about their local water quality. Transparency is a cornerstone of public trust.

At the same time, increasing enforcement actions may signal either a rise in violations or simply more rigorous oversight. Either way, it underscores the importance of vigilance.

You may find yourself looking at your next glass of water a little differently.

To read more articles by Professor Sutton go to:  https://profvictoria.substack.com/

Professor Victoria Sutton (Lumbee) is a law professor on the faculty of Texas Tech University. In 2005, Sutton became a founding member of the National Congress of American Indians, Policy Advisory Board to the NCAI Policy Center, positioning the Native American community to act and lead on policy issues affecting Indigenous communities in the United States.

Pure Water Gazette Fair Use Statement

Water News for March 2026

Sea Levels Are Rising Faster than Predicted

Sea levels around the world have been underestimated due to inaccurate modelling, with research suggesting ocean levels are far higher than previously understood. The finding could significantly affect assessments of the future impacts of global heating and the effects on coastal settlements. The Guardian.

British Scientists Have Photographed Never Before Seen Sea Creatures

Read the full BBC report with stunning images.  BBC.

Questionable Strategy to Reduce Ocean Warming by Dumping Chemical into the Sea

Boosting natural alkalinity using a chemical antacid should, in theory, encourage the ocean to absorb more carbon. Over a large surface area, and in combination with sharp emissions reductions, chemical treatment could prevent global temperatures exceeding 2C above preindustrial levels, while locally reducing ocean acidity, which is now higher than at any point in the past million years and poses a dire threat to marine life and fisheries. Full Details in the Guardian.

Suspended Ion Exchange

Tree Emits Holy Water

Fluoride in Birmingham

The “Drought Paradox” and the Colorado River Basin

 High School Student Invented a Filter That Eliminates 96 Percent of Microplastics from Drinking Water

Water Story of the Month: Discovery Explains why Water Acts so Strangely

Residential Upflow Filters from Pure Water Products

All units consist of black Vortech tank with riser factory installed, upper basket, Clack in/out head, Clack bypass, and Clack 1″ threaded elbow extensions. Media can be ordered separately.  No gravel is needed. Upflow filters do not work well for many applications. Treatment of iron and sediment, for example. Upflow filters work well for chemical, chlorine/chloramine treatment of city water, or for raising the pH of acidic well water

These filters work well with standard or catalytic granular carbon and with Calcite.  See media on this page.

In most cases it is wise to put a 5-micron sediment filter before and after an upflow filter. See product WH201 on this page for an excellent sediment pre- or post-filter.

Water News For February 2026

Boil Water Alerts

Boil water alerts resulting from cold weather and aging infrastructure were too numerous to report.

A Bad Week for Clean Water and Public Health: How President Trump’s Glyphosate Executive Order and the 2026 Farm Bill Threaten Us All

On Feb. 18, President Trump signed an executive order titled Promoting the National Defense by Ensuring an Adequate Supply of Elemental Phosphorus and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides. Using the Defense Production Act, the order declares glyphosate and elemental phosphorus “critical” to national security and U.S. agriculture.

At first glance, this may sound like a supply chain measure. But in reality, it puts chemical industry profits above public health and clean water.

Why President Trump’s Executive Order on Glyphosate is Dangerous:

Instead of addressing decades of independent research by experts linking glyphosate — a widely used herbicide — to cancer, liver damage, endocrine disruption, and other serious health effects, the executive order pushes for more production.

Glyphosate and other pesticides already pollute our water. Studies have shown these toxic chemicals are widespread in streams and rivers. Despite this, the executive order doubles down, prioritizing the chemical industry’s interests over community safety.

Even more alarming, the order grants legal immunity to chemical producers following federal directives. Communities harmed by contamination could find it even harder to hold chemical companies accountable. And, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is now directed to prioritize chemical production even if it increases exposure risks. Waterkeeper 

Lead in New Orleans Water

Lead was detected in 7 of 10 New Orleans homes amid delayed pipe replacement The city’s residents are at risk of lead poisoning from their tap water because of piping that is long overdue for replacement. US News

Texas Sues Dow Chemical for “habitual non-compliance” with wastewater regulations: Is the state actually doing the notorious polluter a favor?

Texas attorney general Ken Paxton (widely known as an enemy of environmental regulation and friend to big business) is believed by many to have filed the suit to shield the company from a soon-to-be-filed suit by a local environmental group which would result in much harsher penalties and have greater chance of success. Houston Public Media.

Orthophosphate Treatment Added to Protect Against Leaching of Lead from Water Pipes

Kalamazoo MI is changing the corrosion prevention additives it has used since 1956 in an effort to assure its customers the best protection possible against lead. The protective lining reduces direct contact between water and metal surfaces, lowering the risk of metals, like lead, leaching into drinking water from older pipes. m.live.com

Bed Bugs’ Greatest Fear: Water and Wet Surfaces

Bed bugs have extremely flat bodies and small respiratory openings called spiracles on their belly sides. “If they physically contact a body of water, they’ll get stuck to its surface, blocking their respiratory openings.” Due to its strong adhesive power, water could be very dangerous from a bed bug’s perspective. So, it’s not surprising to learn that they’re extremely averse to moisture.” UC Riverside News

Study Finds Lower Levels of DBPs (by-products of chlorination) in bottled water than in tap water

A new study found that bottled water contains lower levels of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) than chloraminated tap water, averaging less than half the amount found in typical U.S. tap samples. Researchers detected DBPs—including trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids—in all 10 bottled water brands tested, though levels remained relatively low. Spring and groundwater brands tended to have fewer DBPs than purified bottled waters, making them the better choice for minimizing chemical byproducts. Food and Wine. 

States Are Resisting the Trump Administration’s Efforts to Ease PFAS Regulations Established During the Previous Administration

States are locking in stricter limits on “forever chemicals” in drinking water while the Trump administration’s stated plan to soften those rules remains stalled. EPA said it would delay and partially rescind a landmark drinking water regulation for the synthetic chemicals that had been set by the Biden administration. The plan, announced last spring in a press release, was to formally propose changes last fall and finalize them this spring. Now, the agency that has lost thousands of staff under President Donald Trump is behind schedule. EPA has encouraged states to hold off on adopting the Biden-era limits for the substances that taint the tap water of over 100 million Americans. E&ENews 

Infrastructure and Water Availability Crises Will Be Inevitable with the Establishment of Government’s Plan for Massive Concentration Facilities

The federal government has provided few specifics on the impacts ICE’s plans could have on rural communities where huge warehouses are being purchased to convert to concentration facilities for prisoners. Here’s an article that takes a look at how little planning has been devoted to what will be a massive problem, especially for small communities whose water and sanitation infrastructure are not capable of supporting the addition of massive prison warehouses.  Spotlight. 

Water News for January 2026

The Big News in Water Is that The Real News Isn’t Being Reported

The big news in water is that the EPA is no longer prioritizing public heath, as it was created to do, but is quickly being converted to serve the interests of big business.  The Natural Resources Defense Council has identified 66 environmental rollbacks in the first year of the second Trump presidency. Most of the news has been about program cancellation.

After a tumultuous year under the Trump administration, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has adopted a new, almost unrecognizable guise – one that tears up environmental rules and cheerleads for coal, gas-guzzling cars and artificial intelligence.

When Donald Trump took power, it was widely anticipated the EPA would loosen pollution rules from sources such as cars, trucks and power plants, as part of a longstanding back and forth between administrations over how strict such standards should be. 

But in recent weeks, critics say the EPA has gone far further by in effect seeking to jettison its raison d’etre, forged since its foundation in 1970, as an environmental regulator. The EPA is poised to remove its own ability to act on the climate crisis and has, separately, unveiled a new monetary worth assigned to human lives when setting air pollution regulations. The current new value? Zero.

“The EPA was designed to protect public health and the environment and did a remarkably effective job of that,” said William Reilly, who was EPA administrator under a previous Republican president, George HW Bush.

“That record is now at risk and we will see the degradation of air quality in major cities. The administration seems to conceive the purpose of the agency as solely promoting business, which has never been the agency’s mission. That’s revolutionary – it’s not been seen before.”

A vivid illustration of this, Reilly said, was when the EPA asked businesses last year to simply email a request to be exempt from air pollution rules. “The notion you could be excused from a black letter law just by asking for it was startling to me,” he said. “I thought it was a spoof. But it did happen.”

After returning to the White House, Trump vowed to “unleash” oil and gas drilling and the burgeoning AI industry by sweeping away environmental regulations that the president says only serve a “globalist climate agenda” and a “scam” clean energy sector.

The EPA under its current administrator, Lee Zeldin, has zealously followed this lead – initiating 66 environmental rollbacks in the first year, according to a tally compiled by green group Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC).

This list includes paring back limits on pollutants such as mercury and soot coming from cars and power plants, cancelling grants for renewables and aid for communities blighted by toxins, squashing clean water protections and deleting mentions of the climate crisis from the EPA website. For the full account:  The Guardian. 

Scientists warn of alarming growth of huge mats of seaweed in the oceans

Scientists have warned of a potential “regime shift” in the oceans, as the rapid growth of huge mats of seaweed appears to be driven by global heating and excessive enrichment of waters from farming runoff and other pollutants.

Over the past two decades, seaweed blooms have expanded by a staggering 13.4% a year in the tropical Atlantic and western Pacific, with the most dramatic increases occurring after 2008, according to researchers at the University of South Florida.

A harmful algae bloom in Lake Erie

Scientists warn of an ecosystem out of balance because of lethal algae blooms that could darken the waters below, changing their ecology and geochemistry, and also accelerate climate breakdown. The Guardian 

A single bluefin tuna was sold for $3.2 million

A Pacific bluefin tuna the size and weight of a grizzly bear sold for a whopping $3.2 million at auction last week inside a popular Japanese fish market.  Smithsonian.

With Rainfall Far Below Average, Water Scarcity in Northwestern Turkey has Reached a Critical Point

Water scarcity in northwestern Turkey has reached a critical point after the Kadıköy Dam, a key drinking water source for the town of Keşan, effectively ran dry, according to Daily Sabah.  Authorities suspended all water withdrawals after reservoir levels dropped below what is known as “dead storage,” and intensifying droughts linked to rising temperatures are pushing vital water systems to the brink. The Kadıköy Dam supplies drinking water to Keşan. The reservoir, designed to hold 56 million cubic meters of water, has dropped to below 1% capacity. Prolonged drought, extreme summer heat and increased evaporation have driven the decline. According to the Turkish government, rainfall was 26% below the long-term average last year.  Yahoo News. 

“The World Is Entering a Situation of Water Bankruptcy. Water May Soon Be More Valuable than Gold”

What is water bankruptcy?

We are using up water sources faster than they can be replenished, essentially putting us in water debt. In “many basins and aquifers, long-term water use has exceeded renewable inflows and safe depletion limits,” said a report by the United Nations. Other water sources, including rivers, lakes, wetlands, soils and glaciers, have been “damaged beyond realistic prospects of full recovery.”

Like financial bankruptcy, water bankruptcy happens gradually. We “pull a little more groundwater during dry years. We use bigger pumps and deeper wells. We transfer water from one basin to another. We drain wetlands and straighten rivers to make space for farms and cities,” said Kaveh Madani, the director of the UN University’s Institute for Water, Environment and Health and author of the report.  After that, the costs begin to pile up. “Lakes shrink year after year. Wells need to go deeper. Rivers that once flowed year-round turn seasonal. Salty water creeps into aquifers near the coast. The ground itself starts to sink.” The Week.

Forest Service Research Underlines the Importance of Forests for Drinking Water Quality

Across the United States, forests play a major role in protecting our drinking water supply. A U.S. Forest Service analysis found that 89% of public surface drinking water supplies receive at least some surface water from forested lands.

That means forests help filter the drinking water of roughly 150 million Americans. Some western cities, like Portland, Oregon, receive up to 90% of their drinking water from nearby national forests.

In other words, preserving forests helps keep our water clean and reliable. Environment America

Proprietary Water Filters vs. Standard Models

The most “standard” size in point of use drinking water filters uses 2.5″ x 9.75″ replaceable filter cartridges. Over the years the 2.5″ X 9.75″ cartridge (we call it Size 1) has dominated the industry.  Virtually all cartridge makers offer cartridges in this size. Wide use encourages a competitive market, hence lower prices, and a big variety of products to choose from.

Not all filters are made in standard size, however. Some manufacturers create unique filter styles that can have advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is convenience in the form of easy-to-replace filter elements in which the housing itself is discarded. This means easier replacement but greater cost and limited choice in replacements.

A major disadvantage of buying a water filter with proprietary replacement parts is that you are dependent upon the manufacturer to stay in business and continue to supply replacement elements. Most basic drinking water filters are durable products that will last for years, but if the product disappears from the market after a couple of years your only option is to discard the unit and replace it. This happens often. In fact, it is a sales strategy of some makers who regularly discard proprietary filtration units to force replacement with “improved” (slightly different) units.

Below, for comparison, are examples of proprietary and standard filtration units. Both models shown are “simple” undersink filters–filters that treat all the cold water at the sink and dispense the filtered water through the cold-water side of the regular sink faucet. Simple undersink units are easy to install because no extra faucet for drinking water is needed. The principles in this article also apply to regular undersink filters that need their own faucet and to undersink reverse osmosis units.

The unit pictured above is a respected proprietary unit which features regular city water treatment including fluoride removal. Although the manufacturer does not give specifics about the standard 3-filter replacement package, the expectation would be that one is a sediment cartridge, one a carbon block cartridge, and one a fluoride removal cartridge. The unit features easy-to-change disposable cartridges. Go here for more information and purchase details.

Pictured above is a Pure Water Products Standard Simple Undersink Filter. It is offered with many standard 2.5″ x 10″cartridges to select from, including several carbon block filters, several sediment cartridges, carbon block cartridges with lead removal and cyst removal built in, both coconut shell and standard carbons, fluoride and nitrate removal–in other words, a lot of treatment styles to choose from so that the final product can be tailored to the customer’s local water.

Comparative Chart

Water news for December 2025

Trump Threatens Tariff to Force Water from Drought-stricken Mexico

President Donald Trump demanded that Mexico provide more water to the United States and threatened to raise tariffs by 5% on imports if the country doesn’t open the spigot before the end of the year.

Under a 1944 treaty, Mexico must send 1.75 million acre-feet of water to the United States from the Rio Grande River through a network of interconnected dams and reservoirs every five years. Water is measured in increments needed to cover an acre of land 1 foot deep.

Trump raised the prospect of tariffs in April on social media in response to a shortfall and the State Department announced Mexico committed to providing more water. USA Today. 

Drying Lake Is a Serious and Expensive Hazard

The drying Great Salt Lake is generating serious and expensive-to-address health issues to Utah residents. Grist

Plastic Pollution to Double

A new report shows that by 2040 plastic pollution will double in the absence of efforts taken to combat it. New Lede

More than 1000 dead from flooding

Sri Lanka and Indonesia have deployed their militaries to help victims of floods that have killed more than 1,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia in recent days.

Millions have been affected by a combination of tropical cyclones and heavy monsoon rains, with ensuing flooding killing at least 502 in Indonesia, 355 in Sri Lanka, and 170 in Thailand. Three deaths have been reported in Malaysia.

The losses and damage are the worst in Sri Lanka since the 2004 tsunami that killed about 31,000 people and left more than a million homeless, while for Indonesia, it is the deadliest event since a 2018 earthquake and subsequent tsunami that killed more than 2,000 people in Sulawesi. The Guardian 

EPA Dismisses New Atrazine Warnings

US regulators are dismissing new research by international cancer experts that warns of links between cancer and the widely used pesticide atrazine, deriding the team of cancer scientists and echoing atrazine maker Syngenta in its criticism.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sees no need to act quickly on the new assessment issued last month by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), according to an EPA spokesperson. New Lede. 

Sardine Shortage Leads to Massive Starvation of Penguins

More than 60,000 penguins in colonies off the coast of South Africa have starved to death as a result of disappearing sardines, a new paper has found.

More than 95% of the African penguins in two of the most important breeding colonies, on Dassen Island and Robben Island, died between 2004 and 2012. The breeding penguins probably starved to death during the moulting period, according to the paper, which said the climate crisis and overfishing were driving declines. The Guardian 

Death Toll Devastating for Floods in Indonesia

The death toll in Indonesia from recent flooding has passed 900, with hundreds still missing.

More than 100,000 homes were destroyed when a rare and powerful cyclone formed over the Malaca Strait last week, bringing torrential rain and landslides to parts of the South East Asian country. BBC 

PFAS in Drinking Water Puts Babies at Risk

A study has shown that PFAS in drinking water of pregnant women puts their babies at risk. The Conversation 

Programming Fleck 5600 and 2510 SXT Water Softener Controls

Fleck 5600 SXT Metered Softener Control Valve Setup Your softener is controlled by a metered electronic control valve. Metered means that it counts gallons of water used rather than time to make its regeneration decisions.

To enter master programming: Use the up and down buttons to set the time of day to 12:01 PM. Must be PM. Then press the “Extra Cycle” button–the button on the left–to save the time.

With the time set to 12:01 PM, press the Up and Down buttons simultaneously and hold for 5 seconds (until the display changes). You are now in Master Programming Mode. The display should show GAL.

Use the Extra Cycle button to advance through the various programming stages. Pressing the button saves the setting on the screen and advances to the next item.

Below are the main items to be programmed. They may not follow this order exactly.

Display Explanation Set your unit to DF Display Format GAL (for gallons)

VT Valve Type dF -1b (downflow, single backwash)

CT Control Type Fd (meter delayed)

NT Number of tanks 1 C

Capacity Capacity of Unit in Grains Per Gallon.

H Hardness Your water’s hardness, in grains per gallon.

RS Reserve Capacity Selection Choose rc RC

Reserve Capacity Multiply the number of people who live in the home by 75 and enter here.

DO Day Override This feature allows you to set a limit on the days that the softener can go without regeneration. Recommeded: 15.

RT Regeneration Time Set to the time you want the unit to regenerate. For example, 2:00 AM.

BW Backwash Duration of the backwash. 10 mintes recommended.

BD Brine Draw Softener draws brine from the salt tank. Recommended: 60.

RR Rapid Rinse Duration of the rinse cycle. Recommended: 10.

BF Brine Fill The softener puts water in the brine tank to make brine for the next regeneration. This determines how much salt the softener will use. For full salt, enter 10 minutes for each cubic foot of resin in the softener.

FM Flow Meter Type t0.7 Leave at default.

When programming is finished, the softener display will alternate between the actual time of day and the number of gallons until the next regeneration. To initiate a manual regeneration for the regularly scheduled time of the current day, press and release the extra cycle button. To initiate an immediate regeneration, press the extra cycle button and hold for 5 seconds, or until the screen changes. The regeneration will start in backwash (BW) and count down the minutes left in the cycle. It will progress through the cycles in this order: Brine Draw, Rapid Rinse, Brine Refill —then return automatically to service position. The full regeneration cycle takes approximately 90 minutes